Taariikhdii Masaarida
From the Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt p. 328–331
“There is now a sufficient body of evidence from modern studies of skeletal remains to indicate that the ancient Egyptians, especially southern Egyptians, exhibited physical characteristics that are within the range of variation for ancient and modern indigenous peoples of the Sahara and tropical Africa. The distribution of population characteristics seems to follow a clinal pattern from south to north, which may be explained by natural selection as well as gene flow between neighboring populations. In general, the inhabitants of Upper Egypt and Nubia had the greatest biological affinity to people of the Sahara and more southerly areas.”
“Any interpretations of the biological affinities of the ancient Egyptians must be placed in the context of hypotheses informed by archaeological, linguistic, geographic or other data. In such contexts, the physical anthropological evidence indicates that early Nile Valley populations can be identified as part of an African lineage, but exhibiting local variation.“
Lovell, Nancy C. (1999). "Egyptians, physical anthropology of". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Shubert, Steven Blake (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London. pp. 328–331. ISBN 0415185890.
CREDIBLE SOURCE FOR FACT 2-
https://ia800208.us.archive.org/11/items/EncyclopediaOfTheArchaeologyOfAncientEgypt/EncyclopediaOfTheArchaeologyOfAncientEgypt.pdf
This quote from 1867 by a founding father of Egyptology Champollion-Figeac – “The first tribes that inhabited Egypt that is, the Nile Valley between the Syene cataracts and the sea, came from Abyssinia to Sennar. The ancient Egyptians belonged to a race quite similar to the Kennous or Barabras, present inhabitants of Nubia. In the Copts of Egypt, we do not find any of the characteristic features of the ancient Egyptian population. The Copts are the result of crossbreeding with all the nations that have successively dominated Egypt. It is wrong to seek in them the principal features of the old race.” From Letters published by Champollion-Figeac (Founding Egyptologist).
Safa Abdel-Kader Mohamed HAMED Manal Ahmed MAHER
"The microscopic results of sample no. 2 belonging to Yuya mummy show the color of the hair indicating the age of Yuya, with traces of a resinous material that doesn’t seem to adhere well to the hair shaft"-
"Raman spectrum of hair (Fig. 8) sample of Yuya (sample 4) indicated that the hair coated by traces of mastic resin"-
"small but significant changes in Raman spectra of mastic are detected in the analyzed hair samples due to the molecular changes that can happened because of aging and oxidation process. These molecular changes appear as the spectra disappear or decrease ascribed to the rapid oxidation of triterpenoids, while others increase in intensity suggesting presence of accumulation of the molecular modifications or oxidation products within the samples." -
"The Egyptians used mastic in embalming. It may have a religious significance even when used for embalming [37]. Although, there are several studies proving the presence of mastic resin among mummification materials [38-41], the results of this study lead to the suggestion that the hair has been coated with the resinous materials used in coating the entire body. Added to, mastic resin was used during mummification process notably mummification of royal mummies as early as the Second Intermediate Period. "
________________
Studies made on the hair of mummies from Kushite mummies of South Sudan yielded similar results, essentially Nubian mummies.
-----------------------
Analysis of Hair Samples of Mummies from Semna South (Sudanese Nubia)-
DANIEL B. HRDY
"These fractures and areas of orange were more pronounced on hairs that had been bleached. Of nine Semna samples, all had a completely orange cuticle, with brighter orange high-lighting the cuticular structure, which was in-tact on all samples. Dehris clinging to the shaft was also bright orange. The cortex on all samples was greenish, except where the shaft was broken, which was orange. Hair which
was blond or "bleached" appearing (M048,
M061, M205, M228) fluoresced identically to the brown samples (M069,M098, M107, M188, M246). Macroscopically the hair was in gen-erally good condition, with approximately one percent of the shafts damaged. Eight of the 76 samples had debris clinging to the shafts; the remainder were relatively clean. Two of the samples were braided.
Qualitative grading of the samples on the
Fischer-Saller scale is shown in table 1.Samples that were graded on the red scale (I-VI)for degree of red pigmentation were also graded on the blond-brown-black scale (A-Y)
for degree of black pigmentation. Twenty-six percent (29% of the Meroitic, 13%of the X-group) of the total sample had some red pigmentation, and 10.5% (8.9 Meroitic, 13% X-group) had "blond" pigmentation (Fischer-Saller category G or less)."
"Hair keratin is remarkably stable due to
cross-chain disulfide linkages. However, pro longed exposure to harsh conditions will alter the keratin. The Semna samples were in contact with sand for over a thousand years, and hence were a t risk for oxidation of the protein molecules. There undoubtedly was some oxidation, as shown by t h e aggregation of the protein on electrophoresis and the orange fluores-cence of the cuticle by fluorescence microscopy. However, the cortex did not have this oxidized pattern, unlike samples from Egypt examined by Brothwell and Spearman ,which fluoresced orange throughout."
Sources:
OBSERVATION ON HAIR SHAFTS OF SOME ROYAL MUMMIES IN THE EGYPTIAN MUSEUMS
Analysis of Hair Samples of Mummies from Semna South (Sudanese Nubia) (HRDY 1978).pdf
Analysis of Hair Samples of Mummies from Semna South (Sudanese Nubia) DANIEL B. HRDY ' Department o f Anthropology, Haruard Universrty, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. KEY WORDS Hair analysis . Hair form Nubia. - Meroitics. Mummy hair. . ABSTRACT. Hair samples from 76 burials at Semna South ...
https://www.docdroid.net/04ymw0J/analysis-of-hair-samples-of-mummies-from-semna-south-sudanese-nubia-hrdy-1978-pdf#page=6
Estimates of living stature, based on X-ray measurements applied to the Trotter & Gleser (1958) negro equations for the femur, tibia and humerus, have been made for ancient Egyptian kings belonging to the 18th and 19th dynasties. The corresponding equations for whites give values for stature that are unsatisfactorily high. The view that Thutmose III was excessively short is proved to be a myth. It is shown that the limbs of the pharaohs, like those of other Ancient Egyptians, had negroid characteristics, in that the distal segments were relatively long in comparison with the proximal segments. An exception was Ramesses II, who appears to have had short legs below the knees.
The physical proportions and living stature of New Kingdom pharaohs
The physical proportions and living stature of New Kingdom pharaohs
https://www.academia.edu/109578935/The_physical_proportions_and_living_stature_of_New_Kingdom_pharaohs
There are very few available sources on the origins of Ababda. All western sources agree that the Ababda are a major subdivision of the Beja people, who are an ancient Cushitic people. The Beja have dwelt in the Nubian Desert across Egypt, Sudan, and parts of Ethiopia since times immemorial, and are closely related to the ancient Egyptians. This is manifested by their distinct resemblance to surviving depictions of predynastic Egyptian.
However, regional and local sources trace the lineage of current Ababda to the Arabian Peninsula. They cite El-Zobeir Ibn El-Awwam, Prophet Mohammed’s cousin, as an ancestor to the people who spread to the Eastern Desert and settled between the Nile Valley and Red Sea south of Quseir, and from whom current Ababda descend.
This distinction sets the Ababda apart from the Bishari, the major Beja subgroup in the south of the Egyptian Nubian Desert. The distinction is both ethnic and cultural. The Ababda are more predominantly Arab Semite than Cushitic, they speak Arabic, although they have retained elements of the Beja language and customs to an extent, and they are Sunni Muslim. This is opposed to the Bishari, their southern neighbors, whose features are more pronouncedly Cushitic, are bilingual in Beja and Arabic, and are Sufi Muslim. A nomadic pastoral people, the culture of the Ababda has always been shaped by the environment and nature of the Eastern Desert and Wadi El-Gemal. Since the beginning of time, they have grazed their camels and cattle in the more fertile valleys, and also relied on fishing from the sea.
The desertification of the area inhabited by the Ababda began some 5,000 years ago. Before that rivers flowed through it, and it was vegetated by forests and inhabited by animals such as elephants, rhinos, and giraffes. Archaeological evidence shows a continuity of the way of life of its neolithic inhabitants all the way to the peoples who dwelt there during the time of Arab rule. In antiquity, Ababda got in contact and found work with the Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, who were drawn to their area to quarry the mineral-rich mines. As far back as 1300 B.C., Ancient Egyptians mined the Eastern Desert for precious metal and stones, most prominently gold and emerald.
In 275 B.C., Ptolemy II, founded the port city of Berenice to import elephants from Africa to use in wars. The city developed into a large trade centre in the Roman period. And many roads were constructed to connect Berenice to Nile Valley cities as far north as current-day Ashmun (to the ancient city of Antinopolis, founded by Hadrian in 130 A.D.). Never conquered or assimilated into the Nile Valley civilizations, and ever the desert dwelling people, the Ababda often served as miners and guards for excavation operations, and as trackers and guides to the trade caravan routes in the area. Remnants of these activities bear witness to that period to this day. Most famously the Sukait Temple, Roman emerald mines and their facilities, as well as parts of the ancient Roman roads.
In the 15th century, they were absorbed into Islam by intermarriage and trade relations with incoming Muslim Arab tribes. During this period, the Ababda most prominently convoyed pilgrims from the Nile Valley to the port of Aidhab – an ancient port located in current-day Halayeb, and from which pilgrims would embark to Jeddah on their way to Mecca
From the Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt p. 328–331
“There is now a sufficient body of evidence from modern studies of skeletal remains to indicate that the ancient Egyptians, especially southern Egyptians, exhibited physical characteristics that are within the range of variation for ancient and modern indigenous peoples of the Sahara and tropical Africa. The distribution of population characteristics seems to follow a clinal pattern from south to north, which may be explained by natural selection as well as gene flow between neighboring populations. In general, the inhabitants of Upper Egypt and Nubia had the greatest biological affinity to people of the Sahara and more southerly areas.”
“Any interpretations of the biological affinities of the ancient Egyptians must be placed in the context of hypotheses informed by archaeological, linguistic, geographic or other data. In such contexts, the physical anthropological evidence indicates that early Nile Valley populations can be identified as part of an African lineage, but exhibiting local variation.“
Lovell, Nancy C. (1999). "Egyptians, physical anthropology of". In Bard, Kathryn A.; Shubert, Steven Blake (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. London. pp. 328–331. ISBN 0415185890.
CREDIBLE SOURCE FOR FACT 2-
https://ia800208.us.archive.org/11/items/EncyclopediaOfTheArchaeologyOfAncientEgypt/EncyclopediaOfTheArchaeologyOfAncientEgypt.pdf
This quote from 1867 by a founding father of Egyptology Champollion-Figeac – “The first tribes that inhabited Egypt that is, the Nile Valley between the Syene cataracts and the sea, came from Abyssinia to Sennar. The ancient Egyptians belonged to a race quite similar to the Kennous or Barabras, present inhabitants of Nubia. In the Copts of Egypt, we do not find any of the characteristic features of the ancient Egyptian population. The Copts are the result of crossbreeding with all the nations that have successively dominated Egypt. It is wrong to seek in them the principal features of the old race.” From Letters published by Champollion-Figeac (Founding Egyptologist).
Safa Abdel-Kader Mohamed HAMED Manal Ahmed MAHER
"The microscopic results of sample no. 2 belonging to Yuya mummy show the color of the hair indicating the age of Yuya, with traces of a resinous material that doesn’t seem to adhere well to the hair shaft"-
"Raman spectrum of hair (Fig. 8) sample of Yuya (sample 4) indicated that the hair coated by traces of mastic resin"-
"small but significant changes in Raman spectra of mastic are detected in the analyzed hair samples due to the molecular changes that can happened because of aging and oxidation process. These molecular changes appear as the spectra disappear or decrease ascribed to the rapid oxidation of triterpenoids, while others increase in intensity suggesting presence of accumulation of the molecular modifications or oxidation products within the samples." -
"The Egyptians used mastic in embalming. It may have a religious significance even when used for embalming [37]. Although, there are several studies proving the presence of mastic resin among mummification materials [38-41], the results of this study lead to the suggestion that the hair has been coated with the resinous materials used in coating the entire body. Added to, mastic resin was used during mummification process notably mummification of royal mummies as early as the Second Intermediate Period. "
________________
Studies made on the hair of mummies from Kushite mummies of South Sudan yielded similar results, essentially Nubian mummies.
-----------------------
Analysis of Hair Samples of Mummies from Semna South (Sudanese Nubia)-
DANIEL B. HRDY
"These fractures and areas of orange were more pronounced on hairs that had been bleached. Of nine Semna samples, all had a completely orange cuticle, with brighter orange high-lighting the cuticular structure, which was in-tact on all samples. Dehris clinging to the shaft was also bright orange. The cortex on all samples was greenish, except where the shaft was broken, which was orange. Hair which
was blond or "bleached" appearing (M048,
M061, M205, M228) fluoresced identically to the brown samples (M069,M098, M107, M188, M246). Macroscopically the hair was in gen-erally good condition, with approximately one percent of the shafts damaged. Eight of the 76 samples had debris clinging to the shafts; the remainder were relatively clean. Two of the samples were braided.
Qualitative grading of the samples on the
Fischer-Saller scale is shown in table 1.Samples that were graded on the red scale (I-VI)for degree of red pigmentation were also graded on the blond-brown-black scale (A-Y)
for degree of black pigmentation. Twenty-six percent (29% of the Meroitic, 13%of the X-group) of the total sample had some red pigmentation, and 10.5% (8.9 Meroitic, 13% X-group) had "blond" pigmentation (Fischer-Saller category G or less)."
"Hair keratin is remarkably stable due to
cross-chain disulfide linkages. However, pro longed exposure to harsh conditions will alter the keratin. The Semna samples were in contact with sand for over a thousand years, and hence were a t risk for oxidation of the protein molecules. There undoubtedly was some oxidation, as shown by t h e aggregation of the protein on electrophoresis and the orange fluores-cence of the cuticle by fluorescence microscopy. However, the cortex did not have this oxidized pattern, unlike samples from Egypt examined by Brothwell and Spearman ,which fluoresced orange throughout."
Sources:
OBSERVATION ON HAIR SHAFTS OF SOME ROYAL MUMMIES IN THE EGYPTIAN MUSEUMS
Analysis of Hair Samples of Mummies from Semna South (Sudanese Nubia) (HRDY 1978).pdf
Analysis of Hair Samples of Mummies from Semna South (Sudanese Nubia) DANIEL B. HRDY ' Department o f Anthropology, Haruard Universrty, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. KEY WORDS Hair analysis . Hair form Nubia. - Meroitics. Mummy hair. . ABSTRACT. Hair samples from 76 burials at Semna South ...
https://www.docdroid.net/04ymw0J/analysis-of-hair-samples-of-mummies-from-semna-south-sudanese-nubia-hrdy-1978-pdf#page=6
Estimates of living stature, based on X-ray measurements applied to the Trotter & Gleser (1958) negro equations for the femur, tibia and humerus, have been made for ancient Egyptian kings belonging to the 18th and 19th dynasties. The corresponding equations for whites give values for stature that are unsatisfactorily high. The view that Thutmose III was excessively short is proved to be a myth. It is shown that the limbs of the pharaohs, like those of other Ancient Egyptians, had negroid characteristics, in that the distal segments were relatively long in comparison with the proximal segments. An exception was Ramesses II, who appears to have had short legs below the knees.
The physical proportions and living stature of New Kingdom pharaohs
The physical proportions and living stature of New Kingdom pharaohs
https://www.academia.edu/109578935/The_physical_proportions_and_living_stature_of_New_Kingdom_pharaohs
There are very few available sources on the origins of Ababda. All western sources agree that the Ababda are a major subdivision of the Beja people, who are an ancient Cushitic people. The Beja have dwelt in the Nubian Desert across Egypt, Sudan, and parts of Ethiopia since times immemorial, and are closely related to the ancient Egyptians. This is manifested by their distinct resemblance to surviving depictions of predynastic Egyptian.
However, regional and local sources trace the lineage of current Ababda to the Arabian Peninsula. They cite El-Zobeir Ibn El-Awwam, Prophet Mohammed’s cousin, as an ancestor to the people who spread to the Eastern Desert and settled between the Nile Valley and Red Sea south of Quseir, and from whom current Ababda descend.
This distinction sets the Ababda apart from the Bishari, the major Beja subgroup in the south of the Egyptian Nubian Desert. The distinction is both ethnic and cultural. The Ababda are more predominantly Arab Semite than Cushitic, they speak Arabic, although they have retained elements of the Beja language and customs to an extent, and they are Sunni Muslim. This is opposed to the Bishari, their southern neighbors, whose features are more pronouncedly Cushitic, are bilingual in Beja and Arabic, and are Sufi Muslim. A nomadic pastoral people, the culture of the Ababda has always been shaped by the environment and nature of the Eastern Desert and Wadi El-Gemal. Since the beginning of time, they have grazed their camels and cattle in the more fertile valleys, and also relied on fishing from the sea.
The desertification of the area inhabited by the Ababda began some 5,000 years ago. Before that rivers flowed through it, and it was vegetated by forests and inhabited by animals such as elephants, rhinos, and giraffes. Archaeological evidence shows a continuity of the way of life of its neolithic inhabitants all the way to the peoples who dwelt there during the time of Arab rule. In antiquity, Ababda got in contact and found work with the Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, who were drawn to their area to quarry the mineral-rich mines. As far back as 1300 B.C., Ancient Egyptians mined the Eastern Desert for precious metal and stones, most prominently gold and emerald.
In 275 B.C., Ptolemy II, founded the port city of Berenice to import elephants from Africa to use in wars. The city developed into a large trade centre in the Roman period. And many roads were constructed to connect Berenice to Nile Valley cities as far north as current-day Ashmun (to the ancient city of Antinopolis, founded by Hadrian in 130 A.D.). Never conquered or assimilated into the Nile Valley civilizations, and ever the desert dwelling people, the Ababda often served as miners and guards for excavation operations, and as trackers and guides to the trade caravan routes in the area. Remnants of these activities bear witness to that period to this day. Most famously the Sukait Temple, Roman emerald mines and their facilities, as well as parts of the ancient Roman roads.
In the 15th century, they were absorbed into Islam by intermarriage and trade relations with incoming Muslim Arab tribes. During this period, the Ababda most prominently convoyed pilgrims from the Nile Valley to the port of Aidhab – an ancient port located in current-day Halayeb, and from which pilgrims would embark to Jeddah on their way to Mecca
